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HISTORY OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA (III): Mr. Luis Acosta Brehal


Mr. Luis Acosta Brehal

Development of plantation economy. Criollismo in culture and society. (1808-1836)

For Mr. Luis Acosta Brehal

The seventeenth century was for Santiago de Cuba and directly dependent territory, and even a little more, a century of slow population growth and economic and cultural. The society was defined their groups, sectors and social classes began to feel Creole with increasing force his close bond with this land and this made him feel that he was no English in the full sense of the word, without there being any implication to resign subject to the condition of the Iberian monarchy, with which however, as there were contradictions.

Successive amendments to the economic policy of Spain in the colony, took place essentially during the four decades of the century, as well as strong population growth I mean the French-Haitian immigration from 1792-93, and the strength of productive activities trade and they promoted, especially with the development of the plantation system, coffee and sugar-, resulted in substantial changes in all spheres of life planning, which will consolidate and develop rapidly in the early nineteenth century.

Napoleonic invasion of Spain. Political changes on the peninsula and its effects on the jurisdiction of Cuba.

The Haitian French nationals in the city, "to which they are commonly called French-, had no difficulties since Spain and France were allies, but by 1807 changed the circumstances to get the news of the proclamation of Ferdinand VII as King of Spain, and, above all, his subsequent imprisonment at the hands of the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Occurs shortly after the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which follows the Madrid uprising and mass shootings of May 2, 1808. In almost the entire peninsula is a widespread insurrection and starts a stubborn guerrilla war against the occupying French Government Boards come in various locations, and eventually causes the formation of the Junta of Seville to declare peace with England and round of the English arms against France. This accounts for all official communication to the Governor General Captain Sebastián Department Kindelan, who also was told:
(...) and the French over there in it for the corresponding option in this case to avoid time it has occurred against the French good, because for which would not be his time here, take the measures it deems appropriate to leave the country immediately. (1)

As noted the expulsion order was not radical, and let the good opinion of the provincial governor determination of who should be expelled. This attitude was logical and realistic as the presence of these immigrants had brought great benefits, which could still increase and the output of all indiscriminate mean big losses for agricultural production, craft and trade. Kindelan published the trade but delayed its implementation all he could. In the city however, the situation was quite tense because many demanded the expulsion of the French, a requirement which was the natural animosity as a reason given by the situation in Spain, and the desire of many oligarchs buy low priced properties and the rich business immigrants were encouraged. They were compounded by the Church.

Archbishop Joaquín Ozez of Alzua Cooperation was the key figure in this trend came to produce anti-French riots, threats and physical violence against immigrants and their properties. Kindelan police took action with which largely brought under control the situation, but it was the subject of numerous complaints and allegations, and under such pressure had to issue an edict in 1809 ordering the expulsion of the French. However, in the months that elapsed before the edict, many immigrants are naturalized English subjects, or could put their properties and fortunes to secure.

The intrigues against Kindelan prompted this was separate from the Department and sent to Florida in late 1809, and replaced by Colonel Pedro Suarez de Urbina.
To Santiago the Napoleonic Wars and the Franco-English, had clear consequences: first there was a strong commercial crisis, second, the expulsion of the French in 1809 halted the economic growth. Third, these two political tendencies were to be held throughout the century:
(...) a reactionary and retrograde aimed at the conservation of the most rancid interests of the mother and another liberal, in line with the new changes international economic times, approving free trade, opposed to the old patterns inflexible stalled progress towards new forms, proponents of mercantilism and reluctant to continue with the acceptance of dogmas that remain stagnant. (2)

In Spain, in 1811, he convened the Constituent Cortes to be elected by the city the priest Juan Bernardo O'Gavan, born there on February 2, 1782. In 1812 the Parliament approved a Charter or Constitution, which came into force in Santiago de Cuba meant major changes. The council comprising officials became perpetual City Council, whose members should be elected annually, except the Chief Constable and the Alferez Real.

soon the newly formed Popular Boards appointed commissioners or their representatives, all illustrious nobles of the city, which proceeded to elect as Mayor Constitutional Army Capt. Nicholas Limonta and the rest of the council, which was established on September 13, 1812. Hastily adopted various measures, including the public nature of City Council meetings, the appointment of a Provincial Government, and political independence of the province of Santiago de Cuba, the latter expression of a trend that we call autonomous. Also developed and implemented a set of municipal ordinances, as well as a register of traders, etc. (3) With the approval of the superintendent Juan de Aguilar, was established in Santiago a Municipality Provincial Finance whose first mayors were from the first of January 1813, Manuel Navarrete and Felix Bocerman.

the heat of the constitutional term of the local aristocracy illustration could do little because the actions and decisions of the City Council failed to survive or strengthened, especially by the very brevity of the constitutional period that only lasted until 1814 when it produced a return to power of Fernando VII, who immediately restored the absolute monarchy and suppresses the Constitution. The arrival of news to Santiago to the August 11, 1814 marked the dissolution of the council, the suppression of their actions and decisions, and replantation the old council and its officers perpetual.

Restoring the absolutist monarchy of Ferdinand VII. Effects of its policy in the territory .

The return to the past but could not be absolute. That is why since 1814, amid political recovery fernandes colonial rule involved in the struggle for independence in most of the continent, decide various measures had a profound impact on this city and its territory. The first was the relative peace that almost completely wiped out the problems affecting trade with the Caribbean and the rest of the world, especially since the defeat of Napoleon. In effect

was also the possibility immediately and return of the French who were expelled in 1809. It was then that he fully appreciated the wisdom of the policy Kindelan, because inasmuch as he gave them a chance to preserve their heritage, and most did, to return it quickly restore production levels before, and also overcome .

royal decrees of 30 August 1815 and July 16, 1819, established the private ownership of land for which the possessed by the ancient grants for composition, or because they have been occupied by 40 or more years. Well established, the legal remedies for the dissolution of the estates commoner, which intensified in this region during the 1830s and 1840s. (4)

In October 1817 he met on the abolition of the snuff and free trade. (5) On February 10, 1818 a Royal Decree opened the ports of Cuba to trade with all nations, free trade longed (6) which was accompanied by a fierce protectionist policy against products and trade and other nations. In the first year of business freedom, trade amounted to Santiago a total of 247 139 pesos fuertes, unchanged from the proceeds of his office. (7) This gives an idea of the conditions under which free trade was established, despite to which five years later, in 1823, the trade value amounted to 377 499 pesos fuertes, which shows strong growth in production for the market, which was also reflected in the booming market.
In economic circumstances experienced by the country during the decades of 1810 and 1820, in which both the traditional oligarchy and the new rich were still great prospects for personal and family economic progress, the revolutionary upheavals of the American colonies of Spain, just found an echo. To this was added a deep fear of black, ie the fear that a revolutionary process was opportunity for a general uprising slave, with all the consequences this could entail. The revolutionary process in the American colonies felt in the Santiago area, mainly by the transit of troops sent to quell those revolutions and his remains to return to the motherland after his defeat at the hands of insurgents, and many English and officials calling at this port, stay exacerbating the chronic problems of the money supply, as they hoarded the coins in circulation, to reach Spain, posed a significant profit. This situation led again to the current use of the currencies of need.

The constitutional term from 1820 to 1823 .

The delay in the economic growth of the area and its oligarchy, in combination with modern European social and political ideas that influenced this city, gave rise to a thought and political option known as the Enlightenment reformism, current demanded by the metropolitan government changes for the development of the territory, a position concomitant with the rest of the oligarchy of the colony, but each party had different shades. Because of the regional economic situation and regardless of the theoretical formulations that produced, Santiago enlightened reformers demanded that the crown was essentially to enjoy the same privileges, favors, and economic benefits that had the western oligarchy.

Therefore it is possible to say that the reformist illustration Santiago was lagging behind their counterparts in the West, but also that these same conditions of economic backwardness suffer permanently, in combination with other factors, will result in the nineteenth century to Santiago oligarchy evolve more rapidly and deeply the radical pro-independence positions, which in the first half of the postulated the priest Félix Varela, in opposition to the increasingly reactionary assumed,-comparatively-liberal reformism Western.

Amid the economic prosperity experienced by the territory after 1814, there was a new constitutional period between 1820 and 1823. The first of January 1820 came the military coup in Spain Rafael constitutionalist Irrigation and May 2, the Governor of the Department proceeded to collect and restore its Constitutional functions to the City Council in 1814, led by the mayors, and ordinaries Francisco José Rafael Mustelier Duany, and the aldermen who accompanied them, who immediately vowed to the Constitution (8).

Overall and prompt measures were resumed and regulations in force in 1814, but new ones were adopted as was that on June 12 formed the Board of Health (9) through which promoted a number of significant actions to clean up the city, construction of culverts, introduction of vaccination on the initiative of José Joaquín procurator Navarro started the foundation of a hospital for women Eusebio Escudero governor's proposal, etc. In political administration, the city was divided into nine districts or barracks, with its inspectors and guards, were organized definitely Captainships Party, and defined the suburbs to which ordered the transfer and establishment of grocery stores. (10)

In November 1820 ordered the restoration of the pier of the port and in 1821, Fructuoso de Moya and Juan de Paula Valiente proposed and agreed to the formation of the National Militia, and urged people to join it. On May 12, 1821 the then Mayor Fernando Millares Constitution, chaired a meeting with representatives of Bayamo, Holguin, Puerto Principe and Baracoa, where he was elected as Member of Parliament for the Department, Lt. Col. Santiago de Cuba natural and José Hernández de las Cuevas, and as an alternate port principeño Francisco Ignacio Agramonte and Recio (11).

This period was characterized constitutional because it was longer, activity of more liberal and more intense, and because his work could be better appreciated by the public, as evidenced by the large addition to the National Military and enthusiastically act of July 21, 1821 in the Plaza de la Constitution (name given to the Plaza de Armas), honoring the Constitution in the days prior offense in the same place, had inferred reactionary elements (12) as part of the acute political struggle between the reaction and the Liberals.

Nevertheless, the Constitutional Hall in 1822 before the independence of Santo Domingo, declared its allegiance to Spain, which was ratified in 1823 (13).

Thought independence over the years had few adherents and strength, but not left to manifest, as happened in 1820 when Salvador Santiago Duany, on forms circulated in the city, propagandize an independence plan coordinated with the Mexican General Agustín de Iturbide. Was quickly controlled without serious consequences. (14)

The defeat of the liberals in Spain in 1823 brought a return to despotic rule and suppression of all liberal provisions. But now society Santiago was finally split into two political and ideological groups present throughout the entire century, but changed its name and then organize political parties: the monarchist reaction fundamentalist and liberal reform.

The economic situation in the decades of 1820 and 1830 .

While these political events were developing, reflecting the English situation, rather than the reality of the city and its surrounding territory, continuing the sustained economic growth strengthens the plantation system, and linking the territory with the most developed nations and powerful at the time. The plantation was developed in the production of coffee and sugar. Sugar were comparatively larger and larger number of slaves.

imitated Creoles of French descent immigrants, those who:
In the sugar industry began using new types of pots and boilers, which save time, arms and fuel, which also added the use of reverb furnace closed for cooking the juice. Better organization of slave labor and intensive exploitation also contribute to increased production. Generally improved the machinery used in sugar production, (...)( 15)
cane cultivated lands were to be increased to meet increased industry capacity, since sugarcane experienced no similar advancements.

Instead, the coffee plantations were almost always small and medium-sized, and they made heavy use of land and labor, chemical fertilizers were applied and a mixture of copper sulfate and lime as a pesticide, walls stone against erosion, and other techniques. Coffee was the most dynamic sector, which assumes the status of a territory's economic engine in the overall economy grows. Between 1826 and 1836 were exported 4,889,738 pounds of coffee, mainly through the port of Santiago de Cuba, surpassing by more than a million of tons exported in sugar (16).

The economic outlook Santiago was very important that from 1830-31, at the initiative of French Haitian immigrants, resumed production of copper ore.

one in 1829, Prudencio Casamayor, reported several veins of copper in Santiago del Prado, as representative of the British company's consolidated, with a share capital of 480 000 pounds, started a successful exploitation of mines. Soon after, he began working another British company called Company Santiago, and later, the Company's capital San José Cuban-English. The traffic between the town of Copper and Santiago was very intense for moving ore to the port production grew throughout the decade of 1830, boosted by a single tax of 5% of the mineral. These mines and their production was for decades an important source of raw materials for British industry (17).

By 1830 the commercial relations of Santiago de Cuba is seen in the following table:
Santiago de Cuba, 1830. (In pesos fuertes)

.
Country ............... Importing .... Total export ... ...... Location

.
Spain .............. ........... 157157 ........ 151028 308185
U.S. ..... 3 .... ........... 473832 ........ 308543 782 375
England .... 1 .......... 94377 ............. ........ 83246 177 623 ............. .... 4
France 223463 ........... ........ .... 2 441411 664874 38079 ........... ............
Germany Total
38079 ............. ....................... 5 48829 ........... 1022307 ...... 1971136 -
Source: Jorge Berenguer Cala: Ob. Cit., P.262.

.
for its commercial importance the UK, USA and France, established consulates in Santiago de Cuba, which speaks also important that, between 1826 and 1830, the Inspectorate of Finance raised an annual average of 797 667 pesos. (18)

The above table shows that the United States is the largest trading partner in Santiago de Cuba, and that the greatest value of exports are destined France.

port valve was not only out of production, was also an expression of social status. It came together the different socioeconomic sectors Santiago, because it was not just purely port activity, but there they were located in department stores and commercial enterprises. This was a reason they came to port, and its area is interrelated large coffee and sugar farmers, small producers of snuff and that product intermediaries, government officials and the Cabildo, the consular officials, merchants of all types, lawyers , seafarers, shipowners, carriers, shippers; freemen and slaves, Creoles, English and foreigners from many places, especially in the West Indies, rich and poor: at the port, well, you could find a fairly complete mosaic of society Santiago, whose spectrum is far more complex in economic growth.

port activity behaved Santiago de Cuba between 1826 and 1836 as follows: it imported 588 867 pounds of rice, cod 888 445, 37 498 of beef, bacon, 3 780, and 245 643 barrels flour, pork 26 518 and 17 154 beef. The main products exported in the same period were 3,859,992 pounds of sugar, coffee 4889738, 693 773 of snuff stick, 4 336 pipes of brandy, 17 009 hogsheads of molasses, 84 182 pounds of snuff made, and other valued at 15,547,237 pesos. (19)

These figures show how despite the economic boom period, occurs in the regional economy a typical deformation process dependent economies, as it imports significant quantities of food readily available in the country, such as beef and pork or highly significant for beef and res. Instead they observed from exports, the economy is oriented territorial plantations almost exclusively to the international market.

The market was essentially the same as always. The production was dedicated to him a large mass of poor farmers, whose production was intended to subsistence production and low value for the dedication of land to export products had a tendency to decrease. This market also concurred craft production was achieved mainly in the city to be in itself or in port. The industrial products that could be called, the vast majority had to be imported.

Domestic trade was carried out by a large number of small shops and street vendors. In a few medium and large businesses was offered production imported industrial. He kept the chronic problem of working capital secases.

Nevertheless, the economic boom was the significant impact of the development of roads, required the city to take up production of the plantations, especially in mountain areas, "and to bring them all necessary for life and work. Thus, at the initiative of the plantation owners and approved by the City Council or City Hall, was built some roads, to the Sierra Maestra in 1815, Lemons and the southern Sierra Maestra in 1817, and others (20).

The prevalence of slave labor was great. Although slaves were in 1827 just over third of the population, constituted 50% of the workforce, which restricted the labor market for free men, to whom was lucky to find work in the docks, craft workshops, shops, plantations, etc..

Under these conditions there was a rapid and profound separation class of society: the rich increased their fortunes and were within the total mass of the population less and less. In contrast, and motivated by their own economic growth, increased middle sector or petty bourgeoisie, composed of lawyers, doctors, teachers, craft shop owners, artists and musicians, etc. social sector that concentrated largely in the area of the Grande Rue and Rue de la Cock (Calle del Gallo), where there were many craft workshops and shops, and in the Hollow Hill area, where since then developed the famous neighborhood of Tivoli . Both areas came under the influence of French-Haitian immigration (21).

The workforce and the slave trade. The runaway .

The rapid expansion of the plantation economy from the late eighteenth century and the revival of copper mining since 1830, provoked a strong need for labor. In this sense, the small immigration of canaries and Catalan was not significant. The solution was accelerated importation of slaves in the shadow of freedom is enacted since 1789.

The business is yielding huge profits, and members of the bourgeoisie and commercial plantations Santiago did not get back. At the same time maintaining the illegal trafficking of the port of the city or by others as Daiquiri, Follow, Sawmill, and Baitiquirí. The business-in one way or another, "did not occur without risk because from the first decade of nineteenth century England was pressing more and more about Madrid to delete the question.
Obstacles aside, the slave trade continued because it was a necessity as evidenced by only between January 1816 and April 1817, 30 ships arrived in Santiago in 5097 slaves. (22) Despite the fierce opposition of the oligarchy of slavery, in 1817 Spain signed a treaty with England which was bound to abolish the slave trade in its American colonies from 1820. (23)

Until 1820 in the wake of this agreement, Santiago stepped sending ships for slaves, but from that date illicit traffic was intense and reached the 1860's. For example, between January and February 1822 at the port of Santiago mocking the English surveillance, and the protection of the authorities, four French ships with 937 slaves. (24) In this illegal human trade, trade links with various parts of the West Indies and Central America or mainland, served to mask it, as the ships went out with a few products to sell, come back with some shopping, but brought a rather large number of slaves purchased in the ports to which the goods had been entered. These slaves were landed at points along the coast near the city, agreed. Thus, the Caribbean became the main source of slaves for the regional economy Santiago.

The slave population increased trafficking through legal or not, made arise in some fear of black and a more or less opposed to it, and even favorable to the abolition of slavery. A defender of slavery and trafficking as Francisco de Arango y Parreno, a report of January 14, 1825 said: (...)

my ailments worsened yesterday when reading a statement I received from the population Santiago de Cuba, and seeing as its inhabitants try to forward to the introduction of black muzzles, however, that only a third of its present population is white and the other two thirds are people of color: the most notable being that half that people enjoy freedom. (25)

The tremendous influx of slaves into the territory and increased intensity of work were submitted in the plantations, and that wiped out that patriarchal slavery of earlier centuries, led to substantial increase in the runaway slave settlements or fugitive slaves of the black slave.

Between 1810 and 1815 grew old runaway and new ones appeared, standing out because of its proximity to Santiago, size, and activity against estates, villages and roads, the tethering of Sigua, the Sierra del Cobre, and called Palenque Bean.

against them began a long struggle, the Governor of the Department Eusebio Escudero, continued by his successors, in which force was used, deception, bribery, and betrayal. Sometimes victorious in their resistance, defeated and scattered the most, the runaway was reorganized to reach the 1860, always being symbols of rebellion against slavery.

population censuses of 1817 and 1827, and political and administrative organization. Political situation in these years .

Despite the alarm that created opportunities for some wild black groups in general until his final months, the period from 1808 to 1836 he was quiet and progress, as reflected in the figures and data on population and urban wealth and rural census of 1817 and 1827. The first was made in order Captain General José de Cienfuegos, and has among others the double difficulty that was poorly targeted, and that the country's people hid or falsified data for fear of new taxes. (26) The owners of slaves, especially in plantations , hiding the real number of them not only to pay less taxes, but also not rule out their participation in illegal trafficking. When done, the jurisdiction of Cuba and Santiago de Cuba was divided into seven matches Campo, they contained a population of 64 009 inhabitants, so that in relation to the census of 1791-92 has increased by 43 248 people, or is has more than tripled in just 26 years.

Captain General Francisco Dionisio Vives ordered a new division of the island in three departments: Western, Central, and Eastern Europe, and the latter was appointed as Governor and Chief Operating quarterback Sebastian Kindelan, and as the capital city of Santiago de Cuba (27). Each department is divided into Jurisdictions.

Vives in 1827 ordered the creation of a new census, according to which the jurisdiction of Cuba (Santiago), was on that date 70 522 people. (28) The city of Santiago de Cuba had 9 302 whites, 10 032 free colored, and 7 404 slaves, for a total of 26 783 inhabitants. (29) Other important facts are that the city and its Jurisdiction were:

(...) 31 physicians and surgeons, 10 pharmacies, 220 taverns and inns, 29 shops, 5 hat shops, 48 silversmiths, 7 Watches, 8 dry cleaners, 5 peineterías, 26 pool tables and bars, 3 chandleries, 44 tobacco factories, 34 blacksmiths, 9 saddlery, 4 armories, 47 ovens and bakeries; 5 541 horses fenced land, pastures, crops and forests, 205 farms in herd and pen, 960 farms or breeding sites, 125 mills and mills, 678 coffee, 2 Cacahual, 73 cotton, 67 paddocks and grass breeding, 523 work sites and placements; 896 vegas snuff; (...).( 30)

Also in the city as well as public buildings, temples and barracks, there "(...) more than 1 000 houses of good masonry and about 3 000 and tile mix (...)."( 31)

This economic boom, helped by the reformist or modernist Fernandes sought to increase the income of the English state through a tax system organized by the Inspectorate of Finance, was politically entirely separate counterpart. In 1823 he gave orders to reinstate fully the existing political regime before 1820, (32) Cuba being subjected to the tyranny of absolutism in the historical period regime has been called the absolute powers. (33) However, Santiago de Cuba continued their normal lives without major events or shocks, despite the tyrannical regime did not mean the death of liberal and constitutional thought in the territory. The bourgeoisie of the region to continue increasing their wealth, felt the need to have a broader scope not only economically, but also in the mechanisms of power, from which encourage the growth of the first. On the other hand, liberalism was rooted in some of the young Creole enlightened thought and social sector in Cuba in the welfare of their land, and although that welfare passed through the filter of their class position, and a Cuban was developing a sense of national identity that was gaining strength over the years.

the death of Fernando VII in 1833, Spain was plunged into a bloody struggle for the throne. The Queen Regent Maria Cristina, also inclined to absolutism, was forced to rely on the Liberal Constitutionalists to hold onto power against Carlos, "aspiring to the throne, supported by the nobility and clergy, and to strengthen this support , sought the creation of a moderate constitutional government, which is why in 1834 and appointed attorneys are elected to parliament for Santiago de Cuba, Mr. Prudencio Hechavarría and Juan Kindelan, as the United Prócer Mr. John Vaillant and Cuevas, (34) to integrate the cameras set up by Royal Charter of 1834: The Estate of Heroes appointed by the ruler, and the Estate of attorneys, selected by the provinces. In the same year in Cuba Miguel Tacon assumed the post of Captain General. The following year, in July 1835 took command of the Eastern Department, General Manuel Lorenzo, "some sources say as marshal, in a time when despite the maintenance of the system of absolute powers and the Military Courts Liberals fed hopes of political change in the colony.

In this state of waiting until new events lived in Spain were quite radical. In August 1836 a military mutiny in the area known as La Granja, forced the ruler to enforce the Constitution of 1812, and access to power more advanced liberal elements. Unofficial news of these events came to Santiago in September to the delight of local liberal and Manuel Lorenzo, who was also. On 29 of this month is an office of heel was part of the events in Spain, but Lorenzo ordered not produce any change, and keep secret the facts, which was in accordance with instructions received by the Captain General, as Decree of 20 August of that year. (35)

By contrast, Lorenzo, with the support and advice from other liberals of the city between those who were Muñoz Francisco del Monte, Manuel Hernandez, Porfirio Valiente Cuevas, Juan Kindelan, Juan Bautista Sagarra, Antonio Asencio, and Joaquin Santacilia, and following their own political ideas, decided to ignore his orders and that same day 29 special meeting of City Council reported what happened in Spain, making this and other corporations to swear in the presence the people's Constitution of 1812, agreed to replenish its Constitutional functions to the City Council in 1823, causing popular rejoicing and much of the most prominent, showing that liberalism is kept alive and had gained support in the population, not only in the progressive sector of the oligarchy. Spare
City Council called for elections to be held on October 4, in which mayors were elected Joseph Horrutinier, Eligio Salazar, Mariano Vaillant, and Magin Mazo, and 16 council members and three trustees. (36) Heel

For its part was ready to suppress the movement, and ordered the blockade of the ports of the Eastern Department of the vessels of the navy, while organizing a column of 3 000 soldiers under the command of Brigadier Juan de Moya, and sent against the rebels. Moya was also appointed to replace Manuel Lorenzo.

Meanwhile, in Spain was called to court to draft a new constitution, although in Cuba did not apply the Constitution of 1812, authorized the election of deputies. Santiago de Cuba elected in that capacity to José Antonio Saco, one of the most prominent liberal reformers of his time, who was also an enemy and a victim of Tacon, who had exiled from Cuba to Spain. The events were happening quickly. Given the military threat taconiana, Lorenzo urged people to defend with arms the constitutional regime appeal had no great effect, showing that those who had joyfully welcomed the constitutional regime, were not prepared to both. In November it emerged that supported heel Madrid, which meant a rejection of federalist movement and Lorenzo Eastern reformers. (37) The fear of an armed confrontation, a total shock, caused reformers who encouraged and supported Lorenzo , began to fear for their properties, deportations, detentions, deportations, confiscation and other penalties could be imposed by the Court of Military Commission Executive & Permanent. Feared further loss of authority and control they had, or still have left on society. Traders protest because the blockade affected the trade and the troops withdrew their support for the movement.

Under these conditions, the December 17, 1836 the City Council agreed on a capitulatory attitude, send a commission to negotiate with heel on the basis of forgetting the past on 29 September, and the complete safety of goods and people of those involved in the events. Increasingly staying alone, on 25 December at The British schooner Vestal, left for Jamaica General Manuel Lorenzo, accompanied by two of the most committed Santiago: Francisco Muñoz Kindelan and Juan del Monte. Soon came the column of 3 000 soldiers and was restored order taconiano. The repression was great, abundant prisons, exile and deportation.

The motion failed without a fight despite always provided some troops, weapons and popular support. You can not forget that this eastern oligarchy, even wanted more of what until then had received the crown, although still small, "was likely to continue economic growth favored him, and lived a period of boom. Although the movement failed and showed the immaturity of ideas, it was clear the desire for change, rejecting the colonial policy of Spain.
cultural evolution on the stage. Signs of a Cuban pop.

In the first decades of the nineteenth century in a city whose population growth demanded more public elementary education, there were only three schools paid for by the City. However, it shows the character class and socioeconomic differences, the rich class and the authorities managed to 1819 the establishment of a university, a project that was not approved.

economic growth period in the working population demanded free, some degree of preparation and it is fair to state that the local oligarchy, by the City Council and the Royal Economic Society the country, sought to promote the creation of public schools that supported the established private schools, which resulted in 1832 the city had 30 schools for boys and girls, 3 girls' schools and as much for men with 44 teachers, and enrollment of 1 180 pupils of whom 421 were females (38) were maintained, however, complaints about public schools and backward methods.
Higher education remained in the hands of the reformed Council Seminary of St. Basil the Great, who held the reputation of its education, despite its important load of scholasticism, formed as prominent personalities of the city and the country in this century, as was the case of Juan Bautista Sagarra, José de Hechavarría, brothers and Bernardo Prudencio Hechavarría, Justo Manuel Ruvalcaba, Manuel María Pérez, Tristan de Jesus Medina, José Antonio Saco, etc.

A significant event for the region was the return on February 20, 1824 the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, which had as its president and Leonardo Maldonado José Emigdio Bravo Gonzalez as Secretary. The Society promoted the application of technical and scientific progress, scientific and literary competitions held, worked for the betterment of education and equipping schools, and in 1834 controlled committee of its members achieved better schools and educational order and progress in their work. A year later, in 1835, the Company supported Tejada Juan de Mata in creating a school of lithography. (39)

In 1832 the Society began to organize a public library with the name of Public Library was opened in 1835.

The provincial government supported the work of the Company and charged him socially beneficial tasks such as creating a pen for the animal reservoir, which was a contribution to the consolidation of city and daily reading media in schools (40).

Cults and rich Haitian French and their descendants continued an active and leading role in cultural and artistic life of the city. They made it possible for Santiago de Cuba was known in France and that the visit not only shipowners and merchants, but also artists, scientists, intellectuals, theatrical and musical groups that were in this city a good place growing wealth. This cultural movement is also based on the artistic creation of Santiago themselves, not a few of which glistened in the world of culture and creation, as manifested in the music, theater and journalism between 1808 and 1836.

In the field of publishing newspapers were many who saw the light, although most were short-lived. Among them are the newspaper editor, that written by Juan Bautista Sagarra, Domingo Betancourt and Agustin de la Tejera, first published in 1833 in the printing of the Royal Economic Society administered Miguel Antonio Martínez. (41)

In newspapers were published poems of various kinds and quality, letrillas, small poetic compositions, etc. national and local authors, compositions that could be seen with increasing insistence the issue referred to the country, its nature, human types, customs, and other issues, which were clear example of the Cuban national identity and development. Of printing out also some major publications as the Statute of St. Basil the Great Seminary in 1813, the Printing Act in 1820, History of the Apparition of Our Lady of Charity in 1829, the Municipal Ordinances Alonso de Cáceres in 1829, and a small Political Geography of Juan Bautista Sagarra Cuba in 1836.

the opulent lives of the rich society Santiago demanded for recreation and welfare of the existence of a theater or arena. In this regard, several ideas and efforts failed until the City, "a true reflection of the wishes and aspirations -rich class, he took the matter, concluding a project for a theater that would be located in the so-called Solar de la Marina, at the point at which there were the barracks and Cuba Street. Auctioned off the project was awarded to the architect Francisco Zaparí, which concluded at a price of 30 000 pesos in 1823, Faith was inaugurated on 13 February this year with a function of the comic company of French businessman Santiago Candamo, and commissioning scene of the play in The Masters of Rabosa or Trípili-clatter, comic operetta that accompanied the local orchestra maestro Pedro Nolasco Boza (42).

In music, singing or teaching them highlighted the Bartholomew MD Segura, which imported a piano with the German Carlos Rischer taught the daughters of the doctor. Rischer also taught music theory, singing and piano in some other families in the city. Santo Domingo from Dr. Segura, came to Santiago de Cuba in 1810 Carranza Victoriano teacher, composer and teacher of music improved the body of the Cathedral. Since 1812, Barcelona, priest John Paris, as a music teacher from the Cathedral, formed distinct voice and piano students. It also stressed in this teaching the French Patrats and Dubois, the black artist Eusebio Serrano cello and bass, and master the latter instrument, and Bisbe Manegat teachers, and since 1832 the outstanding teacher, composer and conductor, the Barcelona Juan Casamitjana. (43)

The work of these teachers led to the emergence of diverse students who began to stand Santiago in song and the performance of different instruments. At the same time, the black family of Tamés, headed by Bernardino Tamés formed a famous orchestra, and brown Manuel Granados was a renowned music school and started a family dynasty of talented musicians. Pedro Nolasco Boza was also a major orchestra. (44)

Casamitjana in 1836 was to bring glory the music staff of a parade that passed in front of the café La Venus in the Plaza de Armas. It was the famous piece known by the name of The Cocoye, criollo popular music expression of Cuban (45).

In 1832 in a luxurious mansion at the intersection of San Juan Nepomuceno and Marine Society was established Philharmonic Isabel II, which brought together the finest representatives of culture, and in which the most distinguished society Santiago spent his leisure hours. By the quality of his painting stage, constituted by its own members, and especially his actresses, gave fame to the city. (46)

highlighted in painting since his arrival in the city by 1820, the Dominican lawyer and painter, Juan de Mata Tejada, a leading member of the Economic Society, public official, and promoter of popular welfare work. He was a teacher of geometry and drawing, and introduced several starting lithography in that technique. Died in 1836, many consider him as the initiator of the painting Santiago.

mass cultural manifestation most importantly, by its magnitude and distinctly native, was a festival in July, during the days of San Juan, San Pedro, Santiago and Santa Ana, had been developing since the previous century and is known as Carnivals. In those days, "and subject to the restrictions imposed and the city authorities," were made from long celebrations in private homes to street parties, parades routes with their dances, choreography, songs and music as well as tours and games daubs, that became the symbols of this holiday, which also were made horse racing games, skills competitions, and drank and danced extensively. Occasionally, for various reasons, these parties were suspended by the authorities, as happened in 1815, 1816 and 1820. (47)

Economic growth in these years is shown in urbanization and / or growth of the city. A map of the same in 1795 shows their streets from east to west and from north to south, by breeding are about 100 blocks, some built recently. Towards the north the city spread more or less to the San Mateo, south to Santa Rita, on the east to St. Augustine and the West to the bay. However, for 1813 another plane shows it extended to what would be the Paseo de Concha (now Paseo Martí), with significant development along the street Gallo. For the South, the city grew to the area known as the Tivoli and the height called Calvary. To the East was defined as the space would be the Plaza and Campus Martius, and there buildings along the road to Caney. Another level of 1831, shows continued growth, but especially the apples that were previously defined but poorly built, have been covered with houses and buildings.

The homes of the rich have an eclectic architecture of Moorish, Mudejar and neoclassical breaking into the first third of the nineteenth century, all adapted to the climatic and topographic complexities of the city. These houses displayed in its columns and other elements is a tendency to monumentality, an expression of economic power of their respective owners. Santiago de Cuba arose in a typical architecture in which states the Cuban also visible the furniture, where artisans were ample signs of consummate skill, adapting style to the needs and tastes of Creole. This furniture fill the spacious houses that are characterized by high ceilings, large windows for lighting and ventilation, the presence of the inner courtyard with well and surrounded by arcades. Habitual was also houses the use of arches to define or separate areas of the hall and parlor, and the use of stained glass on interior doors that adorn the property, as do the roofs, doors, and leaves windows, often delicately worked wood, as also the wooden railings, balustrades balconies and porches, etc.. For these years come to the fore because of its beauty the iron bars.

Other improvements experienced the city, when in 1812 he designed and began the paving of the streets. Also, the March 27, 1789 a royal decree had ordered the creation of cemeteries outside the city, which was ratified by Parliament in 1813, reasons and despite the many disputes between the city and the cathedral chapter, which were not yet solved, it was decided to build the cemetery in the area called Alto de Santa Ana, which started in September 1827 (48).

In November 1824, was awarded auction to the retired sergeant José Pardo, the street lighting project. He also gave the contract for cleaning and trash removal, which improved hygiene and living conditions of Santiago City (49).

If characterize this period in the history of the city of Santiago de Cuba , mean risking the most important, and always aware of the certain opposition and controversy ", we decided to say it is the emergence of Cuban identity, ie that Creoles already know and feel more Cuban than English, although are not determined to secede from Spain, and this phenomenon will henceforth a rapid process development in just forty years will result in very powerful shocks, predictable events will occur in the next stage of evolution of this city, its environment, its people and their culture. NOTES

.
1 .- Quoted by Jorge Berenguer Cala: "The French immigration in the jurisdiction of Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1977, pp. 240-241.
2 .- Ibid, p. 248. 3 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: History of Santiago de Cuba. Editorial Lex, Havana, 1947, pp. 72-74. Emilio Bacardi Moreaux: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, 1924, Volume II, pp. 81-82. 4 .- Julio Le
Riverend Brusson: Economic history of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1971, pp. 137-138. 5 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., P. 119. 6 .- Jorge Berenguer
Cala: Ob. Cit., P. 252. July Volume II, pp. 30-31.
7 .- Ibid, pp. 47-48. 8 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., P. 101.
9 .- Ibid, pp. 101-102.
10 .- Ibid, pp. 102-107 and 118.
11 .- Ibid, p. 122. 12 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 163-164.
13 .- Ibid, p. 210. Buch
14 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 112-113. 15 .- Jorge Berenguer
Cala: Ob. Cit., Pp. 232-233. 16 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 215. 17 .- Jorge Berenguer
Cala: Ob. Cit., P. 263. Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., P. 170. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 14. Emilio Bacardi Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 250-251.
18 .- State Committee on Statistics: The population and housing censuses in Cuba: Estimates, censuses and population censuses of the colonial era and the first U.S. intervention. Statistics Research Institute, [sl], 1988, Volume I, Volume 2, p. 12. 19 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 215. 20 .- Jorge Berenguer
Cala: Ob. Cit., P. 256.
21 .- Ibid, p. 259.
22 .- José Luciano Franco Ferrán: Trade secret slaves. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1980, pp. 167-175.
23 .- Ibid, pp. 301-304. Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 150 and 152.
24 .- José Luciano Franco Ferrán: Ob. Cit., P. 283.
25 .- Ibid, pp. 337-338.
26 .- On this census, different scholars give different figures which makes accurate information, however, provided an overview conducive enough to know the general trends of demographic and economic.
27 .- State Statistics Committee: Ob. Cit., Volume II, p. 88.
28 .- Ibid, p. 85.
29 .- Ibid, p. 38. 30 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., p. 208. 31 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 181.
32 .- Fernando Portuondo del Prado: History of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1975, p. 289.
33 .- Ibid, p. 290. 34 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 274-275. 35 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 138-139. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 181. 36 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 147-151.
37 .- On the label of federalist movement since this may be the work of Dr. Olga Portuondo Zúñiga: Criollidad and local homeland in the Cuban nationality. Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1994. 38 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 265-266.
39 .- Ibid, pp. 214, 274 and 278. Buch Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., P. 124. 40 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 268-269.
41 .- Ibid, p. 267. Laureano Fuentes Matons: The Arts in Santiago de Cuba, historical notes. Editorial Letras Cubanas, Havana, 1981, p. 130. This author argues that the first newspaper in town called The Friend of the Cubans, first came the press of Matthias Alquezar, 15 August 1800, which was followed shortly afterwards another called The News. 42 .- Laureano Fuentes
Matons: Ob. Cit., Pp. 127-131.
43 .- Ibid, pp. 125-127, 134-135 and 284.
44 .- Ibid, pp. 126. 130-131, 136 and 186.
45 .- Emilio Bacardi Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 289-290. 46 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., P. 163. 47 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Ob. Cit., Pp. 75, 113 and 140-141. 48 .- Buch
Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 81-86.
49 .- Ibid, p. 125.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Aldana Martínez, Jorge: Sugar, mining, the first railroad in Cuba. Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1979.
2. Moreaux Bacardi, Emilio: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, 1924, 10 volumes.
3. Cala Berenguer, Jorge: "The French immigration in the jurisdiction of Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1977.
4. Buch López, Ernesto: History of Santiago de Cuba. Editorial Lex, Havana, 1947.
5. Callejas, José María: History of Santiago de Cuba. Im-Prent The Universal, La Habana, 1911.
6. Castellanos, Gerardo: History of Santiago de Cuba. Alfa typographical work-shops, La Habana, 1946.
7. State Committee on Statistics: The population and housing censuses in Cuba: Estimates, censuses and population censuses of the colonial era and the first U.S. intervention. Statistics Research Institute, [sl], 1988, 2 volumes.
8. Address FAR Policy: History of Cuba. Political Directorate of the FAR, [SL], 1967.
9. Duharte Jiménez, Rafael: Nationality and History. Editorial Orien-te, Santiago de Cuba, 1989.
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11. Chamah F., David and Jose Diego Grullon, "History of the apparition of Our Lady of Charity." In: Album Memorial Diocesan Eucharistic Congress and coronation of the Virgin of Charity of Cobre. 1936. P. Fernandez y Cia, Santiago de Cuba, 1937.
12. Ferrán Franco, José Luciano: The palenques Maroons. Revolutionary Guidance Department of the CPC Central Committee, La Habana, 1973.
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25. Portuondo Zúñiga, Olga: Conferences graduate course "The Jurisdiction of Cuba during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Typed by the History Commission of the CPC Provincial Committee of Santiago de Cuba, 1985.
26. Prat Puig, Francisco, Maria C. Morales and Mary E. Orozco: "Architecture lineage Santiago traditional neoclassical contributions. In: Revista Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No. 54, June, 1984.

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Luis Acosta Brehal

Cuban history. Director of the Centro de Estudios Antonio Maceo.

Born in Santiago de Cuba on December 8, 1948.

Graduated as Professor of History and Geography at the University of the East, worked since 1968 in several centers middle school and high school, moving later-by competitive examination, "to serve as professor at the Institute for Advanced Education Provincial of his hometown, while completing his undergraduate degree in History in that university, with high marks.

Since June 1997, directs the Center for Study Antonio Maceo Grajales, an institution devoted to historical research about this hero of Cuban independence struggle and his family in the nineteenth century and the wars of independence. Has conducted research on pedagogical and historical reaching national awards for this work. Among the latest is a story of Santiago de Cuba in the colonial period.

has published the book "Antonio Maceo: dismissed warnings" and various papers and articles in newspapers, and has other papers approved for publication and forthcoming.

Added

is Researcher, and has more teaching assistant professor in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Universidad de Oriente.

has attended many postgraduate and graduate studies currently performed. Besides his work as director of the Centro de Estudios Antonio Maceo Grajales of the Ministry of Culture, teaches in the University City headquarters. He is vice chairman of the Scientific Council Provincial History .-

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